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Group information in Linux is stored in the "/etc/group" file, which has the following notation tama:x:500: From left to right, tama is the group name, X is the password (when it says X, it is written in the /etc/gshadow file). 500 is the GID. To make a user belong to multiple groups, edit the "/etc/group" file, but it is convenient to use the vigr command to edit the "/etc/group" file. (The operation method is the same as vi)

When logging in as a regular user, use the sudo command to use commands with root privileges. By specifying the command you want to execute as the argument of the sudo command, you can execute the root command. As a prerequisite, when executing the sudo command, it is necessary to set the user you want to allow to execute in the /etc/sudoers file in advance. Also, the log of sudo command execution is written in a log file via the syslog daemon, and you can know in detail who used what command and when with the sudo command.

In Linux, you can prevent other users from seeing a file by using the chmod command to change the file's permissions. Other users are other users who belong to the file's owner group, and other users.

The user's login history will be output to the /var/run/utmp and /var/log/wtmp files. This file, like the /var/log/lastlog and /var/log/btmp files, is a binary file, so it cannot be displayed by the less, cat, or tail commands. To display it, use the dedicated /usr/bin/last command.

To check which group a particular user belongs to, use the groups command. If you run the command with no arguments, the group to which the user who executed the command belongs will be displayed. If you specify the name of the user whose group you want to display as an argument, the group to which the user belongs will be displayed.

●Add a group To create a group, use the groupadd command. When executing this command, specify the group name to be added as an argument. You will need root privileges to run this command.

To set a password for a group, use the gpasswd command You will be prompted to enter a password when adding a user to a group or when a user is not registered in a group. By setting a password for the group, you can prevent people from registering members to the group without permission.

You can set up an administrator for an existing group separately from root (privileged user). The administrator set here can add and remove members, set and remove group passwords, etc. for the group. To set up an administrator, add the option "-A" to the gpasswd command and specify the user name and the group name to be managed as arguments. Multiple users can be specified by separating them with a comma ",".

●Add members to a group To add a member to an existing group, run the gpasswd command with the option "-a". The argument is the name of the user or group to be added and executed. This process can be executed by root or a user registered as a group administrator.