パッケージ管理システムSnappy

パッケージ管理システムSnappyとは

Snappyとはカノニカルが設計・開発したパッケージ管理システム。Snappyのパッケージは 'Snap' と呼ばれ、Snapを使うツールは 'Snapd' と呼ばれる。Snapは様々なLinuxディストリビューションで動作するので、ディストリビューションの上流のソフトウェアデプロイメントに依存しない。

snapがプリインストールされたディストリビューション

KDE Neon
Manjaro
Solus 3 and above
Ubuntu 20.10 and Ubuntu 21.04
Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish)
Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa)
Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver)
Most Ubuntu flavours
Zorin OS

snapがプリインストールされていないが利用可能なディストリビューション

参考:公式ドキュメント

LinuxにSnapdをインストール

1. Linuxディストリビューションごとのsnapdパッケージのインストール方法

......Debian and Ubuntu......

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install snapd

......Fedora Linux......

# dnf install snapd

......CentOS & RHEL......

# yum install epel-release
# yum install snapd

......openSUSE_Leap_15.0......

$ sudo zypper addrepo --refresh \

Resource is no longer available!
download.opensuse.org \
snappy
$ sudo zypper --gpg-auto-import-keys refresh
$ sudo zypper dup --from snappy
$ sudo zypper install snapd

2.snapdをインストールした後、メインのsnap通信ソケットを管理するsystemdユニットを有効にする

$ sudo systemctl enable --now snapd.socket

3.起動確認

$ sudo systemctl is-active snapd.socket
active

● snapd.socket - Socket activation for snappy daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/snapd.socket; enabled; vendor pres>
Active: active (running) since Sat 2022-10-29 15:15:23 JST; 30min ago
Until: Sat 2022-10-29 15:15:23 JST; 30min ago
Triggers: ● snapd.service
Listen: /run/snapd.socket (Stream)
/run/snapd-snap.socket (Stream)
Tasks: 0 (limit: 10944)
Memory: 0B
CPU: 333us
CGroup: /system.slice/snapd.socket

$ sudo systemctl is-enabled snapd.socket
enabled

4./ var/lib/snapd/snapと/ snapの間にシンボリックリンクを作成

$ sudo ln -s /var/lib/snapd/snap /snap

5.snapdおよびsnapコマンドラインツールのバージョンを確認

$ snap version
certbot 1.31.0

6.パッケージをインストール
例として、Canonical社が開発しているKubernetes環境構築ツールMicroK8sをイントールします

$ sudo snap install microk8s –classic
Run service command "restart" for services ["daemon-apiserver-prox
Run service command "restart" for services ["daemon-apiserver-prox
Run service command "restart" for services ["daemon-apiserver-prox
microk8s (1.25/stable) v1.25.3 from Canonical? installed

Snapでは環境の分離レベルが定義されており、「--classic」は従来のaptなどのパッケージと同じものになります

7.インストールされているパッケージを確認

$ snap list
オプション「--all」で、無効になっているパッケージも表示することができる
$ snap list --all
Name Version Rev Tracking Publisher Notes
certbot 1.31.0 2414 latest/stable certbot-eff? classic
core18 20220831 2566 latest/stable canonical? base
core20 20220826 1623 latest/stable canonical? base
microk8s v1.25.3 4094 1.25/stable canonical? classic
snapd 2.57.4 17336 latest/stable canonical? snapd

8.パッケージの情報を見る

$ snap info microk8s
name: microk8s
summary: Kubernetes for workstations and appliances
publisher: Canonical?
store-url: https://snapcraft.io/microk8s
contact: https://github.com/canonical/microk8s
license: unset
description: |
MicroK8s is a small, fast, secure, certified Kubernetes distribution that
installs on just about any Linux box. It provides the functionality of core
Kubernetes components, in a small footprint, scalable from a single node to
a high-availability production multi-node cluster. Use it for offline
developments, prototyping, testing, CI/CD. It's also great for appliances -
develop your IoT apps for K8s and deploy them to MicroK8s on your boxes.
commands:
- microk8s.add-node
- microk8s.addons
- microk8s.cilium
- microk8s.config
- microk8s.ctr
- microk8s.dashboard-proxy
- microk8s.dbctl
- microk8s.disable
- microk8s.enable
- microk8s.helm
- microk8s.helm3
- microk8s.images
- microk8s.inspect
- microk8s.istioctl
- microk8s.join
- microk8s.kubectl
- microk8s.leave
- microk8s.linkerd
- microk8s
- microk8s.refresh-certs
- microk8s.remove-node
- microk8s.reset
- microk8s.start
- microk8s.status
- microk8s.stop
- microk8s.version
services:
microk8s.daemon-apiserver-kicker: simple, enabled, active
microk8s.daemon-apiserver-proxy: simple, enabled, inactive
microk8s.daemon-cluster-agent: simple, enabled, active
microk8s.daemon-containerd: notify, enabled, active
microk8s.daemon-etcd: simple, enabled, inactive
microk8s.daemon-flanneld: simple, enabled, inactive
microk8s.daemon-k8s-dqlite: simple, enabled, active
microk8s.daemon-kubelite: simple, enabled, active
snap-id: EaXqgt1lyCaxKaQCU349mlodBkDCXRcg
tracking: 1.25/stable
refresh-date: today at 15:47 JST
channels:
1.25/stable: v1.25.3 2022-10-22 (4094) 174MB classic
1.25/candidate: v1.25.3 2022-10-15 (4094) 174MB classic
1.25/beta: v1.25.3 2022-10-15 (4094) 174MB classic
1.25/edge: v1.25.3 2022-10-14 (4094) 174MB classic
latest/stable: v1.25.3 2022-10-23 (4094) 174MB classic
latest/candidate: v1.25.3 2022-10-14 (4090) 175MB classic
latest/beta: v1.25.3 2022-10-14 (4090) 175MB classic
latest/edge: v1.25.3 2022-10-27 (4120) 175MB classic
dqlite/stable: ?
dqlite/candidate: ?
dqlite/beta: ?
dqlite/edge: v1.16.2 2019-11-07 (1038) 189MB classic
1.26/stable: ?
1.26/candidate: ?
1.26/beta: ?
1.26/edge: v1.26.0-alpha.1 2022-09-23 (4006) 173MB classic
1.25-strict/stable: v1.25.2 2022-09-30 (4049) 174MB -
1.25-strict/candidate: v1.25.2 2022-09-29 (4049) 174MB -
1.25-strict/beta: v1.25.2 2022-09-29 (4049) 174MB -
1.25-strict/edge: v1.25.3 2022-10-21 (4108) 174MB -
1.24/stable: v1.24.6 2022-09-30 (4023) 229MB classic
1.24/candidate: v1.24.6 2022-09-29 (4023) 229MB classic
1.24/beta: v1.24.6 2022-09-29 (4023) 229MB classic
1.24/edge: v1.24.6 2022-09-28 (4023) 229MB classic
1.23-eksd/stable: v1.23-5 2022-09-30 (4025) 167MB classic
1.23-eksd/candidate: v1.23-7 2022-10-27 (4119) 167MB classic
1.23-eksd/beta: v1.23-7 2022-10-27 (4119) 167MB classic
1.23-eksd/edge: v1.23-7 2022-10-27 (4119) 167MB classic
1.23/stable: v1.23.12 2022-09-30 (4022) 216MB classic
1.23/candidate: v1.23.12 2022-09-29 (4022) 216MB classic
1.23/beta: v1.23.12 2022-09-29 (4022) 216MB classic
1.23/edge: v1.23.12 2022-10-01 (4063) 216MB classic
1.22-eksd/stable: v1.22-10 2022-09-30 (4024) 164MB classic
1.22-eksd/candidate: v1.22-12 2022-10-26 (4115) 164MB classic
1.22-eksd/beta: v1.22-12 2022-10-26 (4115) 164MB classic
1.22-eksd/edge: v1.22-12 2022-10-26 (4115) 164MB classic
1.22/stable: v1.22.15 2022-09-30 (4046) 191MB classic
1.22/candidate: v1.22.15 2022-09-29 (4046) 191MB classic
1.22/beta: v1.22.15 2022-09-29 (4046) 191MB classic
1.22/edge: v1.22.15 2022-09-28 (4046) 191MB classic
1.21/stable: v1.21.13 2022-07-20 (3410) 191MB classic
1.21/candidate: v1.21.13 2022-07-09 (3410) 191MB classic
1.21/beta: v1.21.13 2022-07-09 (3410) 191MB classic
1.21/edge: v1.21.13 2022-06-08 (3410) 191MB classic
1.20/stable: v1.20.13 2021-12-08 (2760) 221MB classic
1.20/candidate: v1.20.13 2021-12-07 (2760) 221MB classic
1.20/beta: v1.20.13 2021-12-07 (2760) 221MB classic
1.20/edge: v1.20.14 2022-01-11 (2843) 217MB classic
1.19/stable: v1.19.15 2021-09-30 (2530) 216MB classic
1.19/candidate: v1.19.15 2021-09-29 (2530) 216MB classic
1.19/beta: v1.19.15 2021-09-29 (2530) 216MB classic
1.19/edge: v1.19.16 2022-01-07 (2820) 212MB classic
1.18/stable: v1.18.20 2021-07-12 (2271) 198MB classic
1.18/candidate: v1.18.20 2021-07-12 (2271) 198MB classic
1.18/beta: v1.18.20 2021-07-12 (2271) 198MB classic
1.18/edge: v1.18.20 2021-11-03 (2647) 198MB classic
1.17/stable: v1.17.17 2021-01-15 (1916) 177MB classic
1.17/candidate: v1.17.17 2021-01-14 (1916) 177MB classic
1.17/beta: v1.17.17 2021-01-14 (1916) 177MB classic
1.17/edge: v1.17.17 2021-01-13 (1916) 177MB classic
1.16/stable: v1.16.15 2020-09-12 (1671) 179MB classic
1.16/candidate: v1.16.15 2020-09-04 (1671) 179MB classic
1.16/beta: v1.16.15 2020-09-04 (1671) 179MB classic
1.16/edge: v1.16.15 2020-09-02 (1671) 179MB classic
1.15/stable: v1.15.11 2020-03-27 (1301) 171MB classic
1.15/candidate: v1.15.11 2020-03-27 (1301) 171MB classic
1.15/beta: v1.15.11 2020-03-27 (1301) 171MB classic
1.15/edge: v1.15.11 2020-03-26 (1301) 171MB classic
1.14/stable: v1.14.10 2020-01-06 (1120) 217MB classic
1.14/candidate: ↑
1.14/beta: ↑
1.14/edge: v1.14.10 2020-03-26 (1303) 217MB classic
1.13/stable: v1.13.6 2019-06-06 (581) 237MB classic
1.13/candidate: ↑
1.13/beta: ↑
1.13/edge: ↑
1.12/stable: v1.12.9 2019-06-06 (612) 259MB classic
1.12/candidate: ↑
1.12/beta: ↑
1.12/edge: ↑
1.11/stable: v1.11.10 2019-05-10 (557) 258MB classic
1.11/candidate: ↑
1.11/beta: ↑
1.11/edge: ↑
1.10/stable: v1.10.13 2019-04-22 (546) 222MB classic
1.10/candidate: ↑
1.10/beta: ↑
1.10/edge: ↑
installed: v1.25.3 (4094) 174MB classic

9.パッケージをアップデート
パッケージ単位にアップデートする場合

$ sudo snap refresh microk8s

インストールされているすべてのパッケージをアップデートする場合

$ sudo snap refresh

自動アップデートも行われており、デフォルトでは4時間おきに行われます

# snap refresh --time
timer: 00:00~24:00/4
last: today at 22:06 JST
next: tomorrow at 02:06 JST

詳細は公式ドキュメント

10.サービスの管理
現在稼働しているサービスを確認

$ snap services
Service Startup Current Notes
certbot.renew enabled inactive timer-activated
microk8s.daemon-apiserver-kicker enabled active -
microk8s.daemon-apiserver-proxy enabled inactive -
microk8s.daemon-cluster-agent enabled active -
microk8s.daemon-containerd enabled active -
microk8s.daemon-etcd enabled inactive -
microk8s.daemon-flanneld enabled inactive -
microk8s.daemon-k8s-dqlite enabled active -
microk8s.daemon-kubelite enabled active -

サービスの停止

$ sudo snap stop microk8s
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Run service command "stop" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apise
Stopped

サービスの起動

$ sudo snap restart microk8s
Restarted.

サービスの自動起動を有効化する

$ sudo snap start --enable microk8s
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Run service command "start" for services ["daemon-apiserver-kicker" "daemon-apis
Started

自動起動を無効にするには、「snap stop」に「--disable」オプションをつける

$ sudo snap stop --disable microk8s

11.パッケージの有効／無効
パッケージを無効にするには、「snap disable」を使う

$ sudo snap disable microk8s

有効にするには、「snap enable」を使う

$ sudo snap enable microk8s

12.パッケージをアンインストールする

$ sudo snap remove microk8s

完全に削除する場合は、「--purge」オプションを付ける

$ sudo snap remove microk8s --purge